环境经济学随堂测试三

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Which of the following is NOT one of the steps to identifying an optimal outcome?
Discern the extent to which our institutions produce optimal outcomes and the divergences between actual and optimal outcomes.
Use knowledge of problems and behavioral causes as a basis for designing appropriate policy solutions.
Identify an optimal outcome.
Ask all of the stakeholders what they think is the optimal outcome.
Which of the following statements relating efficiency and optimality is correct?
When the net benefit area is maximized in an optimal outcome for public policy it is identical to maximizing economic surplus.
It is not possible to have both an optimal outcome and an efficient outcome at the same time.
Optimal outcomes are always better than efficient outcomes.
Efficient outcomes are always better than optimal outcomes.
The First Equimarginal Principle ensures that ______________.
social cost is equal to social benefit
the allocation is fair
resources are not wasted
social net benefit is maximized
When making decisions about a potential action using a benefit-cost approach, which of following is the most correct?
If B=C and B/C=0, support the action.
If the cost is greater than the benefit (B/C <1), support the action.
If the cost is greater than the benefit, find an alternative way to evaluate the action.
If the benefit is greater than the cost (B/C> 1), support the action.
Opportunity cost _________________.
is the same as total willingness to pay
is the dollar cost of making a specific choice
is irrelevant when making environmental decisions
is the foregone benefit you must give up to get benefits from some other choice
As a method for evaluating benefits and costs for multi-year projects, present value calculations _____________________.
determine net benefits of a project over a short period of time
alleviate the need to look at benefits across different time periods
determine the discount rate of future benefits
generate comparable estimates of net benefits that are received in different time periods
The treatment of risk in the policy process involves ______________.
the number of different risks involved
both scientific/descriptive and evaluative dimensions
the level of risk that is acceptable
the total amount of risk involved
Maximizing the net benefits that can be generated by resource allocations across time leads to ________________.
static efficiency
effectiveness
efficiency
dynamic efficiency
Question 9. Each of the following supports the EPA's conclusion that pollution control generates positive net benefits EXCEPT _________________.
the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining pollution control equipment were passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices
benefits include reductions in death rates
benefits include reductions in many life-threatening diseases
using the optimal policy mix created the net benefits found by the EPA's study
Question 10. Which of the following is an issue when calculating a benefit-cost estimation?
The non-monetary value of an action
The geographic scale at which the benefits are measured
Primary versus secondary effects
All of the above are issues.

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