*2. It has long been documented that individuals in an organization may voluntarily carry out tasks that are not part of their regular job duties. 1 ，individuals may go above and beyond the call of duty to help coworkers, prevent problems or volunteer to stay late when not expected to do so. This behavior is intended to help others in the organization or the organization itself and is often referred to as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). 2 it is recognized that OCB is important for an organization to effectively function, there is debate among researchers as to how OCB can be encouraged and rewarded. This debate is further complicated when considering the role of OCB in multinational corporations pursuing global diversity. Most OCB research has focused on Western cultures; 3 , it is not clear whether these research findings can be extended to other cultures, 4 suggesting a need to investigate OCB as it exists in other cultures, particularly those described as “collectivist.”
*3. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are a group of metallic materials that can return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to the appropriate temperature. When some SMA are cold they can be deformed at a low temperature; 1 , when the material is heated above this temperature it undergoes a change in crystal structure, 2 causing it to return to its original shape. Some materials exhibit shape memory only when heated, 3 others can undergo a shape change both when heated and when cooled. 4 many alloys are known to have the ability to “remember” their shape, only some may actually find widespread commercial use. Of particular interest are those that can recover substantial amounts of strain or that generate significant force upon changing shape. 5 , one common nickel and titanium SMA, Nitinol, has this ability and is being used in surgical implants, clamps, miniature valves and switches, and other devices.